Memory, Aging, and the I-function Essay - 2013 Words

Memory, Aging, and the I-function Folk wisdom has long noted that as individuals age, they experience decline in memory performance such that many accept cognitive decline and even senility as normal affects of aging, along with graying hair and wrinkled skin. The effects of time on the brain in humans is more complex than simple gradual decay until one shuffles off the mortal coil, as it were. The implications of memory loss, and cases in which cognitive function does not decline, has implications for our understanding of how memory works in general, the treatment of debilitating diseases such as Alzheimers Disease, and for the role of the I-function in learning and recollection. Memory, in general, can be broken down into†¦show more content†¦The most studied case of this phenomenon is the Aplysias gill withdrawal (1). The most commonly invoked distinction among memories, however, is the split between short and long-term memories. Short term memory immediately follows exposure to an input and decays rapidly, while long term memory has both unlimited capacity and slow decay. The difference between the two lies in types neural plasticity, the idea that synaptic connections between neurons are malleable. In the former case, no long-term changes occur, while in the latter, there is a fundamental change in neural structure to correspond with the changes in input. In cases of facilitation, where there is less input required to get a desired output, or a case in which memory makes the task easier to perform. Any temporal increase in synaptic potential is the result of changes in the presynaptic transmitter release, although additional messengers are active in inducing long-term change through phosphorylation and the synthesis of new proteins. Some believe that short-term memory may be the product of temporary changes in the shape of neuron spinesShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging1680 Words   |  7 PagesNeurobiology of Memory and Aging I lost my keys again, my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, I really am getting old. This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results inRead MoreIn Living Organisms, There Is A Common Process That Occurs,1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthat is known as aging. Aging is process that begins the day that we are born and only ends on the day that die (Woodrow, 2002). It involves gradual physical and psychological changes to the human body and mind, in addition to societal changes. Throughout one’s lifespan, adaptation plays a pivotal role in aging, as many are challenged with limitations throughout. In society today, it is common to hear people say that they want to age successfully and/or positively. Positive aging refers to feelingRead MoreAging Essay 171127 Words   |  5 PagesFirst I will talk about the physical changes in early adulthood. Developmentalists look at adult physical functioning and begin to ask questions about loss or decline of function. There are two types of aging primary aging and social aging. Primary aging is age related physical cha nges that have biological basis. Social aging is age related changes due to environmental influences, poor health, habits or disease. Adults in there 20s and 30s have more muscle tissue; maximum bone calcium; moreRead MoreThe Aging Process For The Older Adults Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pages Successful Aging Paper Albatul Albulayhi University of the Incarnate Word â€Æ' Successful Aging Paper Aging is inevitable; as people age in the second half of life, the body often faces some challenges mentally and physically. Aging was defined by Robert Arking (1998), as a â€Å" Time-dependent series of cumulative, progressive, intrinsic, and harmful changes that begin to manifest at reproductive maturity and eventually end in death† (p. 520). The aging process for the older adults is influenced byRead MoreA Clinical Case Study On Mild Cognitive Impairment Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is it that some seventy year olds cannot recall memories from their twenties or find it hard to follow along with a conversation? As people age they tend to change, physically and mentally. Just like our bodies, our brains change as we age. Our thinking becomes slower and we cannot remember certain things. However, memory loss, confusion and other major changes in the way our brains work may be signs of cognitive changes. This essay showcases a clinical case study on Mild Cognitive ImpairmentRead MoreAging Of Aging And Aging Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesAs aging is a stage of development that cannot prevented, the question of â€Å"can one’s aging be more successful than another?† is posed my many. Researchers continually consider the differences between aging successfully, and aging unsuccessfully. As researchers work to complete their studies, many find a reoccurring basis of successful aging. A basis of successful aging can be set including: physical health disease free, chronic illness free, mental health disease free, among many others. TheRead More The I-Function And Alzheimers Disease: Where is The Person?1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe I-Function And Alzheimers Disease: Where is The Person? Alzheimers disease (AD) is a serious form of dementia that involves the destruction of brain cells, and ultimately leads to death (1). What makes AD such a frightening disease, for both the patient and their family members, is the loss of self associated with the dementia. Those afflicted with AD cant understand the changes going on within themselves. Family members are upset by the loss of the person they once knew. It is commonRead MorePlastic Surgery Or Anti Aging Cream1670 Words   |  7 Pagesphysiological failure that is unavoidable (Fiore 258). Some people may try to postpone the physical aging by investing in plastic surgery or anti-aging cream. Physical development is not the only thing affected by time. Many people are more concerned with their cognitive decline. Even though it seems that the body is reverting back to its dependency state, not everyone is unaccepting of the impending future. I interviewed my aunt and uncle after dinner and asked them how they viewed their life and if theyRead MoreBook Summary In Walliss Two Old Women985 Words   |  4 PagesApplication of Concepts: I connected the following themes with Quadagno’s (2014) textbook and Wallis’s ‘Two Old Women’: Aging and Cognitive Change (Quadagno, 2014, Chapter 7, pg.146) 1. Creativity and Wisdom 2. Intelligence 3. Learning and Memory Our two heroines depended on their intellect to survive in the wilderness. Ideas of killing squirrels with a hatchet, rabbit traps, building snow shoes and digging a snow shelter were all demonstrations of wisdom, intelligence, and memory. I went back to ourRead MoreCognitive Development : Cognitive Change1598 Words   |  7 Pagesestimated that 24 million people are suffering from dementia (Ballard et al., 2011). Because this number is so large growing older is often associated with memory loss along with other mental deficits. This is not always the case though and it is not just older adults’ cognitive function declining with age. To help me understand cognitive aging more fully I spoke with Jane, this is a pseudonym. The background for Jane is traditional, she is a Caucasian woman in her mid-70s who is married and has 4 children

Why Has the Power of the Federal Government Expanded Free Essays

Kenneth A. Cherisol AMH 2020 Prof. John Fitzgerald Nov 17, 2010 But WHY? Why has the power of the federal government expanded so significantly? Was this shift in power from state governments to the federal government necessary? Government power took a huge shifted from state government to federal government during and after the civil war. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Has the Power of the Federal Government Expanded or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although President Franklin D Roosevelt’s new deal is often considered the pivotal point that caused this shift, the major event attributing to this shift in power was the civil war. The first event that led to a growth in federal power was the ratification of the Constitution in 1789. Although the constitution is to protect the right of individuals and limit the power of government it led to more government power so that it can accomplish its goals. Eventually the Civil war established the federal government’s power over the states. After the civil war the Federal government had to enforce its power over the states to control issues such segregation, racism and regulating states powers over the rights of citizens. The government that was established to protect the rights of it citizens now had to look out for its economic welfare. Eventually this led the way for interest groups such as union veterans to tap into the federal treasury. The government now needed means to obtain funds for it limited treasury. Different commissions were developed to regulate aspects of the food industry, fuel, trade and eventually the entire economy. Some of these commissions include the FDA established in 1906, the Federal trade commission established in 1914 and the Federal Reserve establishes in 1913. Eventually in 1913 federal income tax was established providing a source of funds for the federal treasury. World War 1 led to future advancement of the Federal government’s power even further. The federal government now regulated waterway shipping, railways were nationalized, and the United States food administration now regulated all aspects of the food industry from agriculture, distribution and sales. During the 1920’s US agriculture suffered because the worldwide market for farm products was competitive. This led to the federal government passing tariffs of farm imports and in 1922 the Capper-Volstead act exempted agricultural cooperatives from antitrust laws. Another act, the Agricultural Credits act of 1923, made it easier for farmer to receive loans from the Federal Farm Board which was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929. The federal Government also needed to regulate the power of businesses. The Federal Government began to limit the power of business by enforcing antitrust laws created by the Shermans act of 1890. Antitrust enforcement was another area in which Federal government increased in power. I believe the expansion of the Federal Government was necessary in every way to ensure the future of US. Before the civil war the states had most of the power dictating state laws and each was concerned with better its own states not looking at the nation as a whole. This led to issues such as the south having slaves and the north not allowing slavery. Eventually this led to the civil war. The federal government is necessary to regulate the powers of the states. Acts such as the civil rights act of 1964 led to equal treatment of individuals regardless of race or color. Even after the act the federal government had to enforce the laws on the south and rebuild the south’s state governments. The federal government’s power affects our daily lives from education to regulations on entertainment and safety. Due to recent economic issues states are allowing the federal government to dictate education policy in exchange for funding. Federal taxes affect our income and ensure funding for various government programs. Federal expansion is also necessary to maintain peace with other nations and ensure the safety of American lives through funding for our military and regulating foreign affairs. I believe the growth in Federal Government is necessary and without it the US would not be as influential and powerful as it is today. How to cite Why Has the Power of the Federal Government Expanded, Papers

A fire in the basement Essay Example For Students

A fire in the basement Essay A jolt of energy, imagination, color and creativity hit the San Francisco and New York theatre communities this past season, and it came from an unexpected quarter: the Soviet Union. Not from the new Russia, jittery and vibrant with the ongoing process of perestroika; not from the twilight of old Russia, where Chekhov and Stanislavsky pointed to a new dawn; but fresh from the formative years of the Soviet Union, back on the far side of stagnation, even before Stalinization. The points of impact were unusual, too: museums. The Palace of the Legion of Honor, a constituent of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, mounted Theatre in Revolution: Russian Avant-Garde Stage Design 1913-1935 last winter, and the IBM Gallery of Science and Art in New York displayed the exhibit through mid-June. It travels on to the Armand Hammer Museum of Art in Los Angeles (July 7-Aug. 30) and to the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio (Dec. 5-Jan. 31, 1993). This is an exhibit of works that have never been on display in Moscow, which less outside of the Soviet Union. In fact, these works have been in storage in the bowels of the Bakhrushin State Central Theatrical Museum in Moscow since the 30s, when Stalin launched a crusade to enshrine Socialist Realism in the pantheon of Soviet ideals, and concomitantly decreed that all manfestations of bourgeois formalism should be squelched. The thrust of the artists represented is anything but bourgeois; in their idealistic adherence to abolishing old forms and creating new kinds of theatre, they followed the traditional avantgarde mandate: epater les bourgeois. To the charge of formalism, however, they had no defense. Their various creedscubofuturism, suprematism, constructivism and the likewere expressly designed to leave realism in the dust. The very freedom of their imagination was anathema to the Stalinists, and the campaign to exterminate their energy was soberingly successful. Though we may know the names of a few of the artists represented hereBoris Erdman, El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, Liubov Popova, Alexander Rodchenko, Varvara Stepanova, Vladimir Tatlinand the directors they collaborated withAlexander Tairov, Evgenii Vakhtangov, Vsevolod Meyerholdtheir designs have come to our attention primarily through verbal descriptions and a few faded photos. Many of the artifacts of their earlier work were destroyed, sometimes by the artists themselves for reasons of personal safety. In some instancesmost notably, Meyerholdsthe artists themselves were liquidated. The designers exhibited here were young; their average age in 1917 was 24. Their nationalities were diverse: Ukranians, Georgians, Armenians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Poles and not a few Jews, as well as Russians Women figure prominently in their number; if there is a star of the show, it is surely Alexandra Exter, who frequently collaborated with Tairov at his Kamerny (Chamber) Theatre; her dynamic, hot-color variations on cubist motifs seem to seize the eye to every turn. Reinventing the human form   Whatever their politics, their aesthetic orientation was wholeheartedly revolutionary. The shape of the stage, the relationship to the audience, the function of decor, its dimensionality, its fixityeven the shape of the human bodyall were up for reconsideration. The touchstone for the exhibitand its earliest workis a geometrical rendering by Malevich of a setting for Victory Over the Sun, a 1913 spectacle written in a factitious transrational language called zaum, the plot of which (according to the exhibitions admirable catalogue) involved the capturing of the sun by a group of futurist strongmen and its enclosure in a square container for obscure futurist ends. The rendering itself is reckoned as the first purely abstract work of fine art and the first proclamation of the suprematist movement. Once the heavenly spheres had been revolutionized, if only imaginatively, the other givens were bound to follow. The functions of scenery was quickly and thoroughly revamped; the flat stage floor backed by a fixed, two-dimensional canvas, was branded a thing of the past. The playing area sprouted upwards, with platforms and ramps swirling in every direction. With the injection of futurist ideas, dynamism became part of the stage picture; scenic elements were built to move before the spectators eyes, liberating the stage from the fixity of the painters canvasmost famously for Meyerholds 1922 production of The Magnificent Cuckold, represented here by Popovas maquette. Representational painting yielded to geometrical or abstract forms. A vivid sense of color transcended the mundane. The wealth of costume renderings reflects the continuing preoccupation with reinventing the human form, which can be seen in part as an extension of the notion of inventing a new Soviet human being. Meyerbholds research in biomechanics has been well documented elsewhere, but here it is put into a palpable context; throughout the exhibit are sketches that blithely and fancifully deny the givens of the human body. .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 , .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .postImageUrl , .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 , .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:hover , .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:visited , .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:active { border:0!important; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:active , .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261 .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6589e7a9b59b1fba3fe32e06c034261:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Theatre and poetry EssayUnfettered imagination   How do actors fit into these costumes? How do they move in them? And how do these abstract scenic designs translate into concrete playing platforms on which actors can function? Three-dimensional models and sepia photographs provide some clues, but often questions are left hanging in the air. What comes through loud and clear, though, is the wit and vigor of unfettered imagination. Around every corner is a new discovery. Agit-prop, railroad art and advertising for the GUM department store suddenly become exciting. In the silent film Aelita, Exter and other stage designers set the international style for science fiction for decades to come. The members of the satirical Eccentric Theatre were among the first to bring an avant-garde sensibility to vaudeville and the circus, their humor strikingly conveyed by the racy costumes of a brilliant designer predominantly known for other things: Sergei Eisenstein. Much of this profusion of energy was in synch with early idealistic strains of Communism; in 1920 Meyerhold was part of the system, serving as head of the Theatre Department of the Commissariat for the Enlightenment. But the enshrinement of Socialist Realism entailed the emasculation or outright suppression of every creative strain in this exhibition. For all these artists, turn-of-the-century realism, for all its glories, was the foremost example of the old form, the superseded model. Now, though, Chekhov, Gorky and Stanislavski became the supreme icons of Soviet theatrical art. The unstated irony embedded in this exhibit lies in the influence of Soviet theatrical art on our own, for it was precisely at the moment of Stalinist repression that American theatre artists turned to Russia for inspiration, and to seek the tools to revolutionize our own theatre. At that time, in the face of the evident breakdown of capitalism in the Depression, we sought our inspiration in the idealism of the Left. Unhappily, we found its embodiment in the figure of Stalin; it was not entirely by chance that our new theatrical icons were his. Our eyes were closed to what Stalin suppressed. By the time we opened them, there was nothing left of this post-realist art to see; it was under wraps in the basement.

Kill A Mocking Bird And Prejudice Essays - Discrimination

To Kill A Mocking Bird And Prejudice Prejudice is a many faced demon which comes in many shapes and disguises. The point that it often goes ignored or unnoticed and shows up in the most unlikely places is what makes it an even more dangerous thing. This is extremely evident in the novel ?To Kill A Mockingbird'. The first sign of prejudice in the novel is shown by the Finch children regarding Arthur (Boo) Radley. They see him as a type of monster or a ?malevolent phantom' as Scout so aptly put it. Any small crimes which were committed in Maycomb were said to be his work. At night when the moon was down, he went and peeped in windows. When people's azealea's froze in a cold snap, it was because he breathed on them. Even the children were affected by all these rumours, they refused to touch the pecans when the trees from the Radley place dropped into the school yard- according to them Radley pecans would kill you. All of this could be attributed to their prejudice against Boo, just because he never came out of his house to or socialised with outsiders, people just made up all these rumours about him as a reason for why he stayed inside. The next type of prejudice shown in the book is class prejudice. It is unconsciously shown by Scout as well as a few of her compatriots on her first day at school. They attributed certain qualities to each family in Maycomb and expected these traits to be hereditary. For example the reason which Scout gave as to why Walter refused the quarter which Miss Fisher offered was because "he's a Cunningham" and the reason why Burris was so dirty and impudent was, as far as the children were concerned, was because "He's one of the Ewells". This shows the complacent way in which they treat class prejudice in Maycomb, in Maycomb it is just taken for granted, no questions asked. In fact the children, in stating these characteristics of the Cunninghams and Ewells did not even realise that they were being prejudiced, they had just been brought up that way. Later, when Jem invited Walter to tea and Scout criticised his table manners, Cal and Atticus were not pleased at all. Cal scolded Scout roundly by saying that Walter was ?company' and that he could eat whatever way he wanted. When Scout retaliated by saying that Walter was not ?company' that he was just a ?Cunningham', Cal did not let that serve as an excuse for her humiliating him. In this way, Cal tried to stop Scout from gaining the class prejudice of Maycomb and to treat all people equally. Racial prejudice against Negroes are shown with regard to Dolphus Raymond and Tom Robinson. Dolphus Raymond is considered to be a type of oddball in Maycomb, because he is a white man yet prefers to live with the Negroes. In town, he has a reputation for being a drunkard, but he tells the children that that was just in pretence. Actually, he is a very sensitive man who loathes the society which makes blacks and whites live separately and hates the "hell white people give coloured folks, without even stopping to think that they're people, too". Tom Robinson is found guilty of raping of Mayella Ewell, in the face of very strong suspicion that his accusers are lying. One reason he was convicted was because it was a white man's word against a black man's one, and in Maycomb, a white man's word was always taken without any regard as to how trustworthy he was. I think the other reason he was convicted was because he went against the accepted position of a Negro by daring to feel sorry for a white person. All these prejudices are a result of people holding on to preformed ideas of a certain set of people. It is not just racial prejudice which is present in Maycomb but the narrow, rigid, intolerant codes of behavior which the townspeople wish to impose on others. These prejudices all show the inability of the people to, as Atticus puts it, "consider things from his point of view" and the lack of understanding between them.